The first plugin I always install on a fresh WordPress site is Bulk Plugin Installation. This plugin allows you to install any plugins you like simply by typing their names or download URLs in a textarea. Here are some templates I commonly use as a start point in my web development projects:

Musician

http://wordpress.org/plugins/one-click-child-theme/

Akismet Anti-spam: Spam Protection

Yoast SEO

WP Super Cache

Wordfence Security – Firewall, Malware Scan, and Login Security

http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/contact-form-7/

Flamingo

Broken Link Checker

http://graphpaperpress.com/plugins/gpp-shortcodes/

MonsterInsights – Google Analytics Dashboard for WordPress (Website Stats Made Easy)

Database Backup for WordPress

http://wordpress.org/plugins/gigpress/

HTML5 jQuery Audio Player

Easy Digital Downloads – eCommerce Payments and Subscriptions made easy

Music Festival

http://wordpress.org/plugins/one-click-child-theme/

Akismet Anti-spam: Spam Protection

Yoast SEO

WP Super Cache

Wordfence Security – Firewall, Malware Scan, and Login Security

http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/contact-form-7/

Flamingo

Broken Link Checker

http://graphpaperpress.com/plugins/gpp-shortcodes/

MonsterInsights – Google Analytics Dashboard for WordPress (Website Stats Made Easy)

Database Backup for WordPress

Subscribe To Comments Reloaded

The Events Calendar

[ Not in the WordPress Repository: Gravity Forms, Gravity Forms Tooltips, Facebook Events add-on ]

Blogger

http://wordpress.org/plugins/one-click-child-theme/

Akismet Anti-spam: Spam Protection

Yoast SEO

WP Super Cache

Wordfence Security – Firewall, Malware Scan, and Login Security

http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/contact-form-7/

Flamingo

Broken Link Checker

http://graphpaperpress.com/plugins/gpp-shortcodes/

MonsterInsights – Google Analytics Dashboard for WordPress (Website Stats Made Easy)

Database Backup for WordPress

Editorial Calendar

Smush Image Optimization – Optimize Images | Compress & Lazy Load Images | Convert WebP | Image CDN

YARPP – Yet Another Related Posts Plugin

Subscribe To Comments Reloaded

Better Internal Link Search

http://wordpress.org/plugins/amazon-affiliate-link-localizer/
http://wordpress.org/support/plugin/display-posts-shortcode

Color My Posts

À la carte

http://wordpress.org/plugins/wp-minify/

Limit Login Attempts

Code Markup

http://wordpress.org/plugins/wordpress-ecommerce/
http://wordpress.org/plugins/ultimate-maintenance-mode/
http://wordpress.org/plugins/ultimate-coming-soon-page/
http://wordpress.org/plugins/wordpress-notification-bar/
http://graphpaperpress.com/plugins/gpp-testimonials-widget/
http://wordpress.org/plugins/aesop-story-engine/
http://wordpress.org/plugins/busted/
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/soliloquy-lite/
http://wordpress.org/plugins/wp-gallery-custom-links/

Code Snippets

Duplicator – Migration & Backup Plugin

Page Builder by SiteOrigin

The Events Calendar

Events Manager – Calendar, Bookings, Tickets, and more!

Awesome Color Palettes

Device Mockups

http://wordpress.org/plugins/aesop-story-engine/
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/fitvids-for-wordpress/

Hide Title

Jarvis

http://wordpress.org/plugins/p3-profiler/

Page Links To

Regenerate Thumbnails

TablePress – Tables in WordPress made easy

http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/widget-logic/

WP Fluid Images

File Permissions & Size Check

Multisite users (developers)

http://wordpress.org/support/plugin/network-plugin-auditor

WordPress MU Domain Mapping

Blog Copier

http://wordpress.org/plugins/network-shared-media/

WP Activity Log

User Role Editor

User Switching